Yesterday was Constitution Day, the day we celebrate the signing of the U.S. Constitution. To highlight how the Equal Protection clause of U.S. Constitution applies to noncitizens, I authored an op-ed in my local newspaper, the Indianapolis Star. I include it below with the link to the newspaper site at the bottom. The comments to the op-ed in the site make for very interesting reading.
U.S. Constitution extends protection to immigrants
By Maria Pabon Lopez
Indianapolis Star September 17, 2010
As we celebrate today the 223rd anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution, which took place on Sept. 17, 1787, let us understand what the Constitution says about immigrants. In doing so, an examination of U.S. Supreme Court case law about immigrants and equality is instructive as well, having just ended a long summer during which the immigration debate has been raging nationwide.
I believe that a close look at the Constitution -- particularly its amendments, having over time been ratified by the states -- demonstrates the will and wisdom of the people of the United States. Take, for example, the 14th Amendment, which in Section One, Clause Two states: ". . . nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." This is the Equal Protection Clause, and it mandates that the government -- both federal and state -- treat persons equally when enacting legislation. If the government treats persons unequally, the Supreme Court has devised analytical tests based on the government's reason for passing the law in order to assess whether the law complies with the Equal Protection Clause.
Notice that the clause specifically says "person," not "citizen." What this means is that the equality promise of the Equal Protection clause is available by its very terms not only to citizens of this country, but to any person, including those who are not U.S. citizens, as long as they are within the jurisdiction of the United States. The Supreme Court itself has recognized that immigrants are persons in cases that further outline what rights immigrants have in the United States.
In fact, the Supreme Court has confirmed the applicability of the Equal Protection Clause to those who are not U.S. citizens, whether they are present in the country in lawful immigration status or even if they are undocumented. The case is called Plyler v. Doe, and it is a 1982 decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Texas law that excluded children of undocumented immigrants from public schools. The court found that the law violated the Equal Protection Clause without having any rational basis for so doing.
In reaching this result in Plyler, the Supreme Court delved into the history of the enactment of the 14th Amendment. In particular, the court cited language from the 1866 congressional debate recorded at the time of passage of the Amendment as follows: "Is it not essential to the unity of the Government and the unity of the people that all persons, whether citizens or strangers, within this land, shall have equal protection in every State in this Union in the rights of life and liberty and property?'' These are the words of John Bingham, Republican congressman from Ohio, the principal framer of the 14th Amendment. So we see that the Supreme Court found not only in the letter, but also in the history, of the 14th Amendment that the guarantee of equal protection under the law applies to all persons, immigrants or citizens, in the United States.
Having reviewed the history of the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court emphasized "that a person's initial entry into a State, or into the United States, was unlawful, and that he may for that reason be expelled, cannot negate the simple fact of his presence within the State's territorial perimeter." Thus, the court found that the 14th Amendment applies to those in the country unlawfully.
With this review of the past and present of the 14th Amendment, it is my hope that as the country continues to debate immigration matters into the fall, we will approach the discussion with a fuller understanding of the equality guarantee found in this amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
http://www.indystar.com/article/20100917/OPINION01/9170321/1031/OPINION01/U-S-Constitution-extends-protection-to-immigrants
Saturday, September 18, 2010
4 comments:
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It is interesting that many of the comments from the readers of the newspaper article focus on the difference between legal and illegal immigrants. The 14th Amendment speaks of "person," not legal or illegal immigrants. While legislatures can enact statutes that reflect the sentiments of the majority, these legislations can only be enforced if they are within the limits of the Constitution. M. Murray.
ReplyDeleteI think that if you asked the general U.S. population if illegal immigrants were entitled to the equal protection of the laws of the U.S. (equal to a citizen) the general consensus would be 'no'. So the enactment of legislation that is fair to immigrants is severely hindered by a pervasive misunderstanding of the Constitutional protections that are afforded them. This is a PR problem. Reacting from fear, or a sense of territorial protectionism, citizens rally to deny immigrants a status that they already have - Equal Protection of the laws under the U.S. Constitution.
ReplyDeletePlyler v. Doe was an interesting case and rightly highlighted the right of equal protection for those persons within the geographic jurisdiction of the US. In recalling this case, I am reminded of current efforts to deny US born children of undocumented aliens citizenship. Nevertheless, I agree with my colleague that there is definitely a PR issue and general lack of knowledge about the US Constitution. This ignorance limits serious debate and compromise.
ReplyDeleteTishana W. (FIU)
The 14th Amendment does state that a person cannot be denied due process of law; nor can a person be denied the equal protection of the laws, but what happens to an illegal “person’s” property in the U.S. when he or she is actually deported. Is not it a denial of due process? Such “person,” hopefully, will have an opportunity to dispose of his property, but what happens if he or she does not? While in the U.S., an alien is entitled to a procedural due process hearing dealing with his or her removal, but there is no process that would deal with his property. Is it because the U.S. Constitution says that Congress has the power to treat people differently when such people are aliens? In addition, because the sole responsibility is with Congress (U.S. Const. Art. I, Section 8), this power to exclude aliens is immune from judicial control. Fiallo v. Bell
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